How does carbon tetrachloride affect the liver?
Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is a well-known hepatotoxin widely used to induce acute toxic liver injury in a wide range of laboratory animals. CCl4 induces oxidative damage, inflammation, fatty degeneration and fibrosis in the liver.
How does CCl4 induce hepatotoxicity?
CCl4-induced cell damage can result from either covalent binding of the reactive intermediates to cellular components, or from enhanced lipid per oxidation triggered by interaction of free radical intermediates with oxygen which in turn attack unsaturated fatty acids.
Which part of body is primarily affected by CCl4 intoxication?
This special therapy was developed because only around 1% of the intoxicating CCl4 is responsible for the liver injury after conversion to toxic radicals via microsomal cytochrome P450 2E1 whereas 99% of the solvent will leave the body unchanged by exhalation.
What are the manifestations of carbon tetrachloride poisoning?
Human symptoms of acute (short-term) inhalation and oral exposures to carbon tetrachloride include headache, weakness, lethargy, nausea, and vomiting. Acute exposures to higher levels and chronic (long-term) inhalation or oral exposure to carbon tetrachloride produces liver and kidney damage in humans.
How is carbon tetrachloride poisoning treated?
Treatment for acute or chronic CCl4 poisoning is primarily symptomatic and supportive. Because liquid CCl4 can be absorbed through the skin, remove clothing from persons exposed through this route and clean the skin with copious amounts of soap (or mild detergent) and water.
Why is carbon tetrachloride so toxic?
Carbon tetrachloride(CCl4) induced cellular damage may result from either covalent bond formation between reactive intermediates and cellular components or from enhanced lipid peroxidation triggered by free radical intermediates. It causes intracellular and intramembranous lipid destruction.
What is carbon tetrachloride compound?
TetrachloromethaneCarbon tetrachloride / IUPAC ID
carbon tetrachloride, also called tetrachloromethane, a colourless, dense, highly toxic, volatile, nonflammable liquid possessing a characteristic odour and belonging to the family of organic halogen compounds, used principally in the manufacture of dichlorodifluoromethane (a refrigerant and propellant).
What will dissolve in CCl4?
Because of this symmetric geometry, CCl4 is non-polar. Methane gas has the same structure, making carbon tetrachloride a halomethane. As a solvent, it is well suited to dissolving other non-polar compounds such as fats, and oils. It can also dissolve iodine.
How much carbon tetrachloride is toxic?
► Carbon Tetrachloride can damage the liver and kidneys. OSHA: The legal airborne permissible exposure limit (PEL) is 10 ppm averaged over an 8-hour workshift; 25 ppm, not to be exceeded during any 15-minute work period; and 200 ppm as a 5-minute maximum peak in any 4 hour work period.
How long does carbon tetrachloride stay in the atmosphere?
30-100 years
CCl4 is classified as a volatile organic compound (VOC). Although CCl4 does not occur naturally, it is ubiquitous as a result of industrial uses. It is a stable compound, with a half-life of 6-12 months in water or soil and a half-life of 30-100 years in the atmosphere.
What does carbon tetrachloride smell like?
Carbon tetrachloride has a sweet odor, and most people can begin to smell it in air when the concentration reaches 10 parts carbon tetrachloride per million parts of air (ppm).
Is tetrachloride a metal?
Carbon tetrachloride, also known by many other names (such as tetrachloromethane, also recognised by the IUPAC, carbon tet in the cleaning industry, Halon-104 in firefighting, and Refrigerant-10 in HVACR) is an organic compound with the chemical formula CCl4.