Can cytokines cause depression?
Mounting evidence indicates that inflammatory cytokines contribute to the development of depression in both medically ill and medically healthy individuals.
What are pro-inflammatory cytokines in depression?
Serum levels of IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) have been reported to be higher in depressed subjects when compared with non-depressed subjects (20). Furthermore, it has been stated that the three pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-6, TNF and IL-1β are implicated in the pathophysiology of depressive illness (21).
Is depression caused by inflammation?
We now know that depression is associated with a chronic, low-grade inflammatory response and activation of cell-mediated immunity, as well as activation of the compensatory anti-inflammatory reflex system.
What triggers inflammatory cytokines?
Cytokine is a general term used for small secreted proteins that are key modulators of inflammation. Cytokines are produced in response to invading pathogens to stimulate, recruit, and proliferate immune cells. Cytokines includes interleukins (IL), chemokines, interferons, and tumor necrosis factors (TNF).
What do cytokines do in depression?
Cytokines activate brain serotonergic systems. Abnormalities of brain serotonin have been implicated in major depression and its treatment. It is now known that cytokines have effects on cells outside the immune system, and that non-immune cells can synthesize and secrete cytokines.
What is the cytokine hypothesis of depression?
The ‘cytokine hypothesis of depression’ implies that proinflammatory cytokines, acting as neuromodulators, represent the key factor in the (central) mediation of the behavioural, neuroendocrine and neurochemical features of depressive disorders. This view is supported by various findings.
How do cytokines encourage depressive symptoms?
Does serotonin reduce inflammation?
In vivo, serotonin appears to be pro-inflammatory, as a number of studies have shown depletion of serotonin within the CNS acts to reduce animal models of inflammation such as adjuvant-induced arthritis (9–11).
Does inflammation cause depression and anxiety?
There are environmental factors that cause inflammation and therefore elevate the risk for depression: stress, low socioeconomic status, or a troubled childhood. Also, an elevated inflammatory response leads to increased sensitivity to stress. The effect has been reported in multiple studies in mice.
What are the symptoms of cytokine storm?
Symptoms of cytokine storm can range from mild, flu-like symptoms to severe and life-threatening complications. Examples include confusion, cough, fatigue, fever, issues with coordination, headache, lethargy, swelling of extremities, rapid breathing, seizures, and more.