What are the risk factors for community-acquired pneumonia?

What are the risk factors for community-acquired pneumonia?

Several risk factors for CAP are recognised, including age >65 years,1 ,6 ,7 smoking,6 alcoholism,7 immunosuppressive conditions,7 and conditions such as COPD,8 cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, chronic liver or renal disease, diabetes mellitus and dementia.

What are the symptoms of community-acquired pneumonia?

What are the symptoms of community-acquired pneumonia?

• Shortness of breath.
• Coughing.
• Heavy sputum.
• Fever and chills.
• Chest pain that is worse when you breathe or cough.
• Upper belly (abdomen) pain with nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea.

How is community-acquired pneumonia diagnosed?

Community-acquired pneumonia is diagnosed by clinical features (e.g., cough, fever, pleuritic chest pain) and by lung imaging, usually an infiltrate seen on chest radiography.

What is pathophysiology of community-acquired pneumonia?

PATHOGENESIS. Pneumonia indicates an inflammatory process of the lung parenchyma caused by a microbial agent. The most common pathway for the microbial agent to reach the alveoli is by microaspiration of oropharyngeal secretions.

Who is at risk for hospital acquired pneumonia?

Risk factors for hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) include mechanical ventilation for > 48 h, residence in an ICU, duration of ICU or hospital stay, severity of underlying illness, and presence of comorbidities. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterobacter are the most common causes of HAP.

What are safety considerations for pneumonia?

Protect Yourself

• Avoid others who are sick.
• Wash your hands often.
• Avoid cigarette smoke.
• Clean surfaces that are touched a lot.
• Cough or sneeze into a tissue and throw it away.

Which patient is most at risk for the development of either community or hospital acquired pneumonia?

Which individuals are of greater risk of developing Acute Community-Acquired Pneumonia? Acute community-acquired pneumonia can occur at any age but most commonly occurs in patients in the 50-60 years of age group.

What is the gold standard for diagnosing community-acquired pneumonia?

According to most clinical guidelines globally, the supposed gold standard tool for diagnosing pneumonia is a chest X-ray (CXR) which can distinguish pneumonia from other respiratory tract infections3,4.

What are the underlying pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of pneumonia?

Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs. The air sacs may fill with fluid or pus (purulent material), causing cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. A variety of organisms, including bacteria, viruses and fungi, can cause pneumonia.

Which of the following are typical signs and symptoms of pneumonia select all that apply?

Common presenting symptoms and signs are:

• Productive cough, purulent sputum.
• Fever with rigors (shaking chills)
• Dyspnea.
• Pleuritic chest pain.
• Tachypnea.
• Tachycardia.
• Hypoxemia.
• Signs of consolidation (e.g., crackles, bronchial breath sounds, egophony)

Why are ventilated clients at risk for pneumonia?

Ventilator-associated pneumonia is defined as a pneumonia occurring more than 48 hours after intubation and initiation of mechanical ventilation. Intubated patients are at increased risk for pneumonia because of the impairment in mucociliary clearance caused by the endotracheal tube.