How common is compound presentation?
Compound presentations occur when a fetal extremity precedes or is adjacent to the presenting part. This occurs in about 1/1500 deliveries. Most compound presentations are either a hand or arm next to the fetal head.
What is compound breech?
Breech presentation means the fetal butt is coming out first. Transverse lie means the fetus is oriented from one side of the mother to the other and neither the head nor the butt is coming out first. Compound presentation means that a fetal hand is coming out with the fetal head.
How are compound presentations tested?
The doctor can confirm compound presentation with either physical examination or ultrasound examination. It is possible for a transverse lie or breech presentation to be misdiagnosed as a compound presentation involving the foot and head. This may require an ultrasound or digital examination to confirm.
What locked twins?
Locked twins is a rare, hazardous obstetric complication, which occurs in approximately 1:1000 twin pregnancies [2, 3]. Locked twins usually occur when the after-coming head of the first breech fetus is locked with the head of the second cephalic fetus.
What is a compound delivery?
A compound presentation occurs when your baby’s arm or leg is next to the main presenting part, usually the head. Labor can generally proceed normally without any manipulation, which might harm the baby or cause the umbilical cord to slip through the cervix.
What is the most common type of breech presentation?
Breech presentation is often determined by fetal ultrasound at the end of pregnancy. This baby is in the frank breech presentation — with both hips flexed and both knees extended and the feet close to the head. The frank breech presentation is the most common type of breech presentation.
What is a breech presentation and why is it a complication?
What complications can occur during a vaginal birth of a breech fetus? In a breech presentation, the body comes out first, leaving the baby’s head to be delivered last. The baby’s body may not stretch the cervix enough to allow room for the baby’s head to come out easily.
Is breech presentation normal?
This is the normal and safest fetal position for birth. But in about 4 out of 100 births, the baby doesn’t naturally turn head-down. Instead, the baby is in a breech position. Babies in breech position usually must be delivered by C-section.
Is compound presentation rare?
This topic will review the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management of this uncommon intrapartum problem. Compound presentation has been reported to complicate from 1 in 250 to 1 in 1500 deliveries [2-5].
What birth defects cause breech position?
What causes a baby to be breech?
- You are expecting multiples (twins or more).
- There is too much or too little amniotic fluid.
- The uterus is not normal in shape or has abnormal growths such as fibroids.
- The placenta covers all or part of the cervix (a condition called placenta previa).
- The baby is preterm.
What is compound a presentation of breech birth?
A presentation is compound when there is prolapse of one or more of the limbs along with the head or the breech, both entering the pelvis at the same time. Footling breech or shoulder presentations are not included in this group. Associated prolapse of the umbilical cord occurs in 15 to 20 percent of cases.
What causes breech presentation in pregnancy?
What causes a breech presentation isn’t fully understood, but the American Pregnancy Association states that a breech birth has a tendency to occur more frequently in the following situations: if the pregnant woman has a history of several pregnancies
What are the clinical conditions associated with breech presentation?
Clinical conditions associated with breech presentation include those that may increase or decrease fetal motility, or affect the vertical polarity of the uterine cavity.
What is an incomplete breech presentation?
Finally, the incomplete breech can have any combination of one or both hips extended, also known as footling (one leg extended) breech, or double footling breech (both legs extended).[1][2][3] Breech presentation refers to the fetus in the longitudinal lie with the buttocks or lower extremity entering the pelvis first.