What is PAD enzyme?
PAD enzymes are important promoters of aberrant citrullination in RA that can initiate and propagate autoimmunity to citrullination-associated antigens, thereby having a unique role as both effectors and targets of the autoimmune response.
What is PAD in biology?
One such modification is citrullination, which is catalyzed by the protein arginine deiminases (PADs), a unique family of enzymes that catalyzes the hydrolysis of peptidyl-arginine to form peptidyl-citrulline on histones, fibrinogen, and other biologically relevant proteins.
How PAD4 works?
With hope of curing the disease, PAD4 has become the new therapeutic target for RA. PAD4 catalyzes the citrullination process which generates the epitope for RA. By inhibiting the activity of PAD4 it should be possible to control the development of RA.
What is arginine Deiminase system?
The arginine deiminase system was found to function in protecting bacterial cells against the damaging effects of acid environments. The arginine deiminase system was found to have unusual acid tolerance in a variety of lactic acid bacteria.
What is ACPA in rheumatoid arthritis?
In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ACPA (anti-citrullinated protein/peptide antibody) is elevated with high specificity, and clinically, anti-CCP (cyclic citrullinated peptide) antibody is widely used for diagnosis of RA.
How do you take arginine Dihydrolase test?
The microbe must first use the glucose present to cause the pH to drop. This is indicated by a change from purple to yellow. Once the medium has been acidified, the enzyme arginine dihydrolase is activated. The culture is incubated an additional 24 hours at 35-37 C to allow the microbe to now use the arginine.
What is citrullination in RA?
Citrullination, the post-translational conversion of arginine to citrulline residues by peptidylarginine deiminase enzymes (PADs), is thought to be an essential contributor to the rheumatoid arthritis (RA) disease pathogenesis.
What is CCP test?
Cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) antibody testing detects and measures CCP antibodies in the blood. CCP antibodies are produced by the immune system and can mistakenly attack healthy tissues. A CCP antibody test requires a blood sample.
What is Felty’s syndrome?
Felty syndrome is a disorder that includes rheumatoid arthritis, a swollen spleen, decreased white blood cell count, and repeated infections.