What are the main features of apoptosis in the culture?
Apoptosis is characterised by a series of typical morphological features, such as shrinkage of the cell, fragmentation into membrane-bound apoptotic bodies and rapid phagocytosis by neighbouring cells.
What causes apoptosis in cell culture?
At the end of a batch culture, cells readily undergo apoptosis due to the deprivation of nutrients such as glucose, glutamine, growth factors and oxygen or due to presence of toxic metabolites such as ammonia and lactate (Simpson et al. 1998; Singh et al. 1994; Mercille and Massie 1994).
How is apoptosis measured in cell culture?
Apoptosis is detected by measuring the externalization of phosphatidylserine on the plasma membrane using fluorescent-tagged annexin V. Additionally, flow cytometry can be employed to determine alterations in cell size (Bortner and Cidlowski, 2001; Warnes et al.
What are the markers of apoptosis?
Potentially useful apoptosis markers include cleaved cytokeratin-18 (c-CK18), cleaved caspase-3 (c-cas-3), cleaved lamin A (c-lam-A), phosphorylated histone H2AX (gammaH2AX), cleaved poly(ADP ribose) polymerase (c-PARP), and translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF).
How do you know if you have apoptosis?
The morphologic criteria for identifying cells undergoing apoptosis are well established and include cytoplasmic condensation, loss of cell–cell contact, and cell shrinkage.
What is apotome in music?
Definition of apotome. : the interval of a semitone in the Pythagorean scale that is slightly greater than half a whole tone and is equal to the difference between the tetrachord and two whole tones.
What is culture?
“A culture is a configuration of learned behaviors and results of behavior whose component elements are shared and transmitted by the members of a particular society” (p. 32).
What is culture according to Useem?
Useem, J., & Useem, R. (1963). Human Organizations, 22(3). “Culture has been defined in a number of ways, but most simply, as the learned and shared behavior of a community of interacting human beings” (p. 169).
What is culture according to Parson?
New York. “A culture is a configuration of learned behaviors and results of behavior whose component elements are shared and transmitted by the members of a particular society” (p. 32). Parson, T. (1949).